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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 434.0 km/sec
density: 7.9 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 2346 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: M1
2059 UT Mar28
24-hr: M4
1129 UT Mar28
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 28 Mar 22
Expand: labels | no labels
Sunspot AR2975 is cracking with M-class solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 97
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 28 Mar 2022

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2022 total: 0 days (0%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 28 Mar 2022


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 12.31
x1010 W Neutral
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 28 Mar 2022

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 130 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 28 Mar 2022

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is beginning, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: +7.1% High
48-hr change: -1.3%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 28 Mar 2022 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 1 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 4
unsettled
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 3.7 nT
Bz: -0.6 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 2345 UT
Coronal Holes: 28 Mar 22

Earth is inside a stream of solar wind flowing from the indicated coronal hole.
Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds
The southern season for noctilucent clouds is over. It ended on Feb. 20, 2022, concluding the weakest NLC season in 14 years. The northern season will begin in late May..
Switch view: Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica, Polar
Updated at:
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2022 Mar 28 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
35 %
30 %
CLASS X
10 %
05 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2022 Mar 28 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
25 %
MINOR
05 %
05 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
25 %
30 %
SEVERE
25 %
30 %
 
Monday, Mar. 28, 2022
What's up in space
       
 

Lights Over Lapland has a full catalogue of exciting adventures in Abisko National Park, Sweden! Check out our daytime and evening activities and book your adventure!

 

MORE SOLAR FLARES: This morning's strong M4-class solar flare (described below) looks like it was just the beginning. Active sunspot AR2975 continues to flare. Since the instigating M4 event, it has produced additional C3, C9 and M1-class explosions. Stay tuned for more solar flares. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text.

SOLAR FLARE, TSUNAMI AND RADIATION STORM (UPDATED): A lot of things just happened all at once. Sunspot AR2975 erupted on March 28th (1129 UT), producing a major M4-class solar flare. The blast propelled a 'solar tsunami' through the sun's atmosphere. You can see it rippling away from the blast site in this movie from the Solar Dynamics Observatory:

This tsunami was 'radio-active.' Its rippling leading edge beamed radio waves toward Earth. "I received a fantastic solar radio burst at 56 MHz," reports Rob Stammes who recorded the outburst at his space weather observatory in Lofoton, Norway. At about the same time, the US Air Force says they recorded both Type II and Type IV solar radio bursts.

Ironically, while the sun was turning itself into a temporary radio beacon, it simultaneously wiped out some radio transmissions on Earth. A pulse of X-rays from the flare ionized the top of the atmosphere over Africa, causing a shortwave radio blackout:

Aviators, mariners, and ham radio operators in the area may have noticed fading and other unusual propagation effects at frequencies below 30 MHz.

Energetic protons accelerated by the flare+tsunami are now peppering Earth's magnetosphere, causing a minor S1-class radiation storm. Our planet's magnetic field is funneling some of these particles toward the poles where a second type of radio blackout is underway--a Polar Cap Absorption Event. Airplanes flying over these regions may find that their shortwave radios won't work during the transit: polar cap absorption map.

UPDATE: Newly-arriving coronagraph images from SOHO confirm that a full-halo CME is heading for Earth. Stay tuned for movies and estimates of the CME's arrival time. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text.

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

TEARDROP INFINITY MOONSTONE: Are you looking for a far-out gift? Consider the Teardrop Infinity Mooonstone. This one hitched a ride to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research ballooin on March 24, 2022::

You can have it for $172.95. The moonstone's sterling silver infinity wrap is inscribed with the words "I love you forever." It makes a great Mother's Day, anniversary or birthday gift. The moonstone comes with a greeting card showing the pendant in flight, telling the story of its trip to the edge of space and back again.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Mar 28, 2022, the network reported 1 fireballs.
(1 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On March 28, 2022 there were 2272 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2022 EA5
2022-Mar-23
14.9 LD
8
19
2022 FC
2022-Mar-23
1.8 LD
16.8
21
2013 BO76
2022-Mar-24
13.3 LD
13.8
271
2022 FT2
2022-Mar-25
11 LD
5.2
16
2022 FH
2022-Mar-25
4.1 LD
14.8
18
2022 FD1
2022-Mar-25
0 LD
18.5
2
2022 FC1
2022-Mar-25
18 LD
7.7
19
2012 FX35
2022-Mar-26
13.5 LD
5.9
25
2011 GE3
2022-Mar-26
7.6 LD
7
22
2022 FA1
2022-Mar-26
0.7 LD
13.4
5
2022 FY
2022-Mar-26
1.8 LD
7.2
10
2022 FM1
2022-Mar-26
4 LD
7.6
7
2022 FL2
2022-Mar-26
3.9 LD
10.2
21
2022 FS
2022-Mar-27
2 LD
14.5
14
2022 FB2
2022-Mar-28
0.4 LD
13.7
16
2022 FE
2022-Mar-28
9 LD
7.2
15
2022 FF1
2022-Mar-29
3.9 LD
6.7
5
2022 FR1
2022-Mar-29
4.9 LD
9.6
9
2022 EL5
2022-Mar-29
7.1 LD
3
14
2010 GD35
2022-Mar-29
17.7 LD
12.5
43
2022 EK1
2022-Mar-30
19 LD
7.6
42
2022 FX1
2022-Mar-30
13.2 LD
9.5
28
2022 FM2
2022-Mar-31
11.6 LD
6.2
19
2022 FL1
2022-Mar-31
5 LD
2.6
6
2020 FW5
2022-Mar-31
12 LD
12.9
27
2022 FQ2
2022-Mar-31
6 LD
9.4
16
2022 DX4
2022-Mar-31
16.7 LD
6
39
2022 FF3
2022-Apr-01
2.6 LD
5.3
10
2007 FF1
2022-Apr-01
19.4 LD
12.8
155
2022 FQ
2022-Apr-02
8 LD
10.4
38
2021 GN1
2022-Apr-02
14.4 LD
14.3
19
2016 GW221
2022-Apr-02
9.8 LD
5.9
41
2022 FE2
2022-Apr-02
10 LD
10.6
32
2022 FJ1
2022-Apr-02
16.5 LD
5
27
2022 FL
2022-Apr-03
8.7 LD
7.3
20
2022 EN2
2022-Apr-04
18.7 LD
5.6
39
2022 FG3
2022-Apr-04
12.6 LD
7.4
24
2012 TV
2022-Apr-05
19.2 LD
18.1
32
2020 GH1
2022-Apr-09
16.8 LD
7.2
28
2017 TO2
2022-Apr-10
17.9 LD
11.6
78
363599
2022-Apr-12
19.3 LD
24.5
221
2020 TQ6
2022-Apr-18
13.4 LD
15.4
43
2017 UR2
2022-Apr-22
19.4 LD
9.3
10
2020 VN1
2022-Apr-25
19.3 LD
2.3
9
418135
2022-Apr-28
8.5 LD
10.4
443
2017 XO2
2022-May-01
18.8 LD
12.4
118
2017 HG1
2022-May-04
18.2 LD
6
11
467460
2022-May-09
14.9 LD
11.3
513
2019 JE
2022-May-11
4.9 LD
7.2
20
2012 UX68
2022-May-15
2.8 LD
8.2
54
388945
2022-May-15
15 LD
8.2
287
2013 UX
2022-May-17
16.8 LD
16.3
141
2021 WY
2022-May-18
16.9 LD
9
65
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:

This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century.  It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.

We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset. 

En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:

The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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