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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 511.2 km/sec
density: 9.33 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: C2
2330 UT Sep26
24-hr: C5
0428 UT Sep26
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 26 Sep 23
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
Sunspot AR3435 has a 'beta-gamma-delta' magnetic field that harbors energy for X-class solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 164
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 26 Sep 2023

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 26 Sep 2023


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 19.78x1010 W Warm
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 26 Sep 2023

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 170 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 26 Sep 2023

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -6.0% Low
48-hr change: -1.5%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 26 Sep 2023 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 3.33 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 5.33
storm
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 3.66 nT
Bz: 2.03 nT north
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
Coronal Holes: 26 Sep 23

There are no significant equatorial coronal holes on the Earthside of the sun.
Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds
The northern season for NLCs began on May 26th. The first clouds were detected inside the Arctic Circle by the NOAA 21 satellite. An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). For the rest of the season, daily maps from NOAA 21 will be presented here:


Updated: Aug. 29, 2023

Each dot is a detected cloud. As the season progresses, these dots will multiply in number and shift in hue from blue to red as the brightness of the clouds intensifies.

What happened to NASA's AIM spacecraft, which has been monitoring NLCs since 2007? Earlier this year, the spacecraft's battery failed. As a result AIM is offline, perhaps permanently. There may be some hope of a recovery as AIM's orbit precesses into full sunlight in 2024. Until then, we will maintain AIM's iconic "daily daisy," frozen at Feb. 28, 2023, as a show of thanks for years of service and hope for future daisies:
Switch view:Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica, Polar
Updated Sep26
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2023 Sep 26 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
40 %
45 %
CLASS X
15 %
15 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2023 Sep 26 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
20 %
20 %
MINOR
10 %
05 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
20 %
20 %
SEVERE
30 %
20 %
 
Tuesday, Sep. 26, 2023
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by ChatGPT and other Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, artificial, frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

GEOMAGNETIC STORM WATCH--CANCELED: Sept. 26 has passed without another CME impact. Thus the geomagnetc storm watch is cancelled. Earth's magnetic field should continue to calm on Sept. 27th as lingering effects from the Sept. 24th CME impact subside. Aurora alerts: SMS Text

COMET NISHIMURA VS. THE SUN: This month, Comet Nishimura (C/2023 P1) is passing by the sun inside the orbit of Mercury. The Heliospheric Imager on NASA's STEREO-A spacecraft has gotten some great footage of the close encounter:

"Comet Nishimura is looking spectacular!" says Karl Battams of the Naval Research Laboratory, who made the movie. "There are lots of beautiful interactions between the comet tail and the solar wind, along with a possible glancing blow from a CME."

The other bright object in the field of view is Mars. Although the comet and the planet seem to be close together (especially on Sept. 23rd), they are in fact very far apart. Mars is on the far side of the sun hundreds of millions of kilometers away.

The comet will remain in STEREO-A's field of view until Oct. 3rd, and Battams plans to make new movies every day. Stay tuned for more CME strikes to Nishimura.

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

RARE RED AURORAS (UPDATED): As predicted, a CME hit Earth's magnetic field on Sept. 24th (2043 UT). The impact was much stronger than expected. Magnetometer needles in Canada jerked by as much as 129 nT, and a G2-class geomagnetic storm began almost immediately after the CME arrived. Observers in Europe saw rare red auroras as far south as France:

"What a wonderful red aurora we had last night night in France!" says photographer Nicolas Drouhin of Burgundy. "It did not last long (about 5 minutes), but it was intense, even to the naked eye!"

Naked-eye sightings of red auroras are unusual because human eyes are notoriously insensitive to the 6300 Å wavelength of their red light. Yet multiple observers in, e.g., Scotland and Iceland confirmed that they saw the scarlet glow.

Later, the storm crossed the Atlantic and brought the same red colors to North America:

"These amazing red auroras were all over the sky," says Ayumi Bakken, who took the picture just outside Fairbanks, Alaska. The farthest south they were photographed was Curtis, Nebraska (latitude +40.6N) and Burlington, Kansas (+38.2N).

Why are red auroras rare? Partly it's just that we have trouble seeing them, so they go unreported by sky watchers. Mainly, though, it's because they are the most delicate kind of auroras. Red auroras come from atomic oxygen near the top of Earth's atmosphere. Oxygen atoms excited by solar wind or a CME spit out their red photons very slowly. The radiative lifetime of the transition is 110 seconds--an eternity in the quantum realm. The atoms must remain undisturbed that long to produce their eerie red light.

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

SOLAR ECLIPSE PENDANT: The students of Earth to Sky Calculus are about to try something never done before--to photograph the shadow of an annular solar eclipse from the stratosphere. On Oct. 14th, they'll launch a cosmic ray research balloon equipped with cameras to photograph the shadow zone of an eclipse over Nevada. You can support the flight by buying a Solar Eclipse Pendant:

It's yours for $99.95. The students launched this pendant on July 17th. Floating at an altitude 105,000 feet above Earth’s surface, it made contact with space, experiencing temperatures as low as -63 C.

Buy the pendent now and for no additional charge we will fly it back to the stratosphere during the annular eclipse. Just make a note in the COMMENTS BOX of your shopping cart: "Fly my pendant again!"

Note: We have photographed the shadow of an eclipse before. Here's what the total eclipse of Aug. 21, 2017, looked like from the stratosphere over the Nebraska-Wyoming border:

Total eclipses make deep black shadows, in this case blacking out more than 70 miles of terrain. What does the shadow of an *annular* eclipse look like? We hope to find out. It should be fuzzier around the edges, and not nearly as dark in the middle. An overview from the stratosphere could provide a unique picture.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter


Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Sep 26, 2023, the network reported 18 fireballs.
(18 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On September 26, 2023 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2023 ST
2023-Sep-21
2.1 LD
23
22
2023 SR4
2023-Sep-21
18.6 LD
6.2
19
2023 SQ5
2023-Sep-21
8 LD
12.3
36
2023 SW
2023-Sep-21
2 LD
12.3
14
2023 SJ
2023-Sep-21
16.9 LD
16.5
52
2023 SP5
2023-Sep-21
7.1 LD
7.6
26
2023 RR6
2023-Sep-21
15.6 LD
7.5
14
2023 SV5
2023-Sep-21
2.2 LD
8.3
12
2023 SN5
2023-Sep-22
4.8 LD
9
38
2023 SU5
2023-Sep-22
8.7 LD
7.9
62
2023 SR6
2023-Sep-22
5.8 LD
8
27
2023 SY5
2023-Sep-22
1.4 LD
11
12
2023 RQ6
2023-Sep-22
15.8 LD
9.4
24
2023 ST6
2023-Sep-23
17.3 LD
36.3
40
2023 SC3
2023-Sep-23
16.4 LD
9.6
15
2023 SQ6
2023-Sep-23
2.3 LD
9.7
15
2023 RU3
2023-Sep-23
19.8 LD
11.6
34
2023 SO6
2023-Sep-23
6.7 LD
8.1
17
2023 SM5
2023-Sep-23
1 LD
11.5
18
2023 SV2
2023-Sep-23
4.5 LD
12.8
14
2023 SW5
2023-Sep-23
9.4 LD
10.9
30
2023 RD15
2023-Sep-24
6 LD
5
15
2023 SQ1
2023-Sep-24
5.4 LD
20.5
20
2023 SD3
2023-Sep-24
15.7 LD
3.5
16
2023 SB2
2023-Sep-24
6.9 LD
8
11
2023 SP3
2023-Sep-24
0.9 LD
11.7
17
2023 ST2
2023-Sep-25
7.8 LD
21.2
21
2023 SZ
2023-Sep-25
5.6 LD
4.3
24
2023 SY3
2023-Sep-26
3.4 LD
7.9
14
2023 SO5
2023-Sep-26
13 LD
16.8
24
2019 SF6
2023-Sep-26
16.7 LD
8.6
20
2023 SP6
2023-Sep-26
1.5 LD
17
9
2023 SE2
2023-Sep-27
7.7 LD
24
25
2023 SF6
2023-Sep-27
3.8 LD
17.4
20
2023 SY1
2023-Sep-28
7.2 LD
10.1
12
2023 RF3
2023-Sep-28
15.4 LD
7.7
38
2023 SW6
2023-Sep-28
3.5 LD
11.9
18
2013 TG6
2023-Sep-28
3.6 LD
4.1
17
2023 SE4
2023-Sep-29
5.3 LD
4.6
14
2023 RF9
2023-Sep-29
10.6 LD
9.2
26
2023 SC4
2023-Sep-30
12.4 LD
8.3
22
2023 SA6
2023-Sep-30
16.4 LD
9.7
22
2009 UG
2023-Sep-30
6.1 LD
9
78
2023 SY2
2023-Oct-01
9.1 LD
9.9
21
349507
2023-Oct-03
16.5 LD
21
696
2022 FX1
2023-Oct-04
20 LD
9.9
25
2023 SN6
2023-Oct-04
12.6 LD
8.5
27
2019 QO5
2023-Oct-05
19.9 LD
9.4
61
2023 RF10
2023-Oct-05
15.8 LD
5.8
27
2023 QC8
2023-Oct-05
15.8 LD
6.3
43
2023 RR29
2023-Oct-06
9.2 LD
8.1
34
2022 TD
2023-Oct-07
8.9 LD
9.4
10
2023 SA1
2023-Oct-08
17.9 LD
5.9
26
2018 ER1
2023-Oct-08
12.5 LD
5.3
27
2022 UX1
2023-Oct-11
3.1 LD
8.6
9
2023 RD11
2023-Oct-11
12.8 LD
9.6
39
2015 KW120
2023-Oct-12
18.2 LD
13
22
2021 NT14
2023-Oct-13
18.6 LD
8.6
254
2011 GA
2023-Oct-15
6.8 LD
16.6
230
2007 SQ6
2023-Oct-15
19.4 LD
6.5
130
2019 UZ3
2023-Oct-16
9.6 LD
8.3
14
1998 HH49
2023-Oct-17
3.1 LD
14.8
193
2022 UO10
2023-Oct-19
7.8 LD
9.8
16
2020 UR
2023-Oct-20
5.8 LD
12.9
9
2020 FM6
2023-Oct-23
15.5 LD
15.9
149
2019 HH4
2023-Oct-24
13.3 LD
20
365
2023 RA4
2023-Oct-24
8.4 LD
3.9
49
2021 SZ4
2023-Oct-26
14 LD
30
287
302169
2023-Oct-26
12.7 LD
25.7
374
525229
2023-Oct-30
10.6 LD
17.4
200
2013 UV3
2023-Nov-01
14.7 LD
15.4
16
2016 WY
2023-Nov-02
9.1 LD
3.9
5
363505
2023-Nov-02
13.7 LD
8
709
2022 JF
2023-Nov-03
15.2 LD
17.2
39
2023 QP8
2023-Nov-03
17.1 LD
8.8
174
2016 VW2
2023-Nov-03
10.1 LD
8.1
20
2019 UH7
2023-Nov-04
9.9 LD
5.9
11
2014 BA3
2023-Nov-13
15.7 LD
2.7
8
2021 TN3
2023-Nov-15
17 LD
6.3
31
2019 VL5
2023-Nov-16
8.5 LD
8.2
24
2019 LB1
2023-Nov-18
15.8 LD
4.2
14
2016 DK1
2023-Nov-19
5.3 LD
6.8
11
2022 VR1
2023-Nov-19
8.1 LD
6.1
39
2019 UT6
2023-Nov-24
9 LD
13.2
141
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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