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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 383.4 km/sec
density: 1.68 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1151 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: M7
1754 UT May09
24-hr: X2
0913 UT May09
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2355 UT
Daily Sun: 09 May 24
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
Giant sunspot AR3664 has a 'beta-gamma-delta' magnetic field that harbors energy for X-class solar flares.Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 142
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 09 May 2024

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2024 total: 0 days (0%)
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 09 May 2024


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 21.38x1010 W Warm
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 09 May 2024

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 227 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 09 May 2024

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -3.0% Low
48-hr change: +0.7%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 09 May 2024 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 2.33 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 2.33
quiet
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 6.12 nT
Bz: -2.83 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1151 UT
Coronal Holes: 09 May 24

There are no significant equatorial coronal holes on the Earthside of the sun. .
Credit: SDO/AIA

Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:

On May 09, 2024, the Arctic stratosphere is much too warm for Type II polar stratospheric clouds. | more data.

Noctilucent Clouds
The southern season for NLCs is over. The first clouds were detected inside the Antarctic Circle on Dec. 4, 2023, by the NOAA 21 satellite. The same satellite detected the last cloud on Feb. 21, 2024. Daily maps are now blank:

noctilucent clouds
Updated: Feb 22, 2024

An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). Now that the southern season has ended, attention turns to the northern hemisphere. The first NLCs should appear inside the Arctic Circle in mid to late May.

SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2024 May 09 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
95 %
95 %
CLASS X
60 %
60 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2024 May 09 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
35 %
15 %
MINOR
30 %
35 %
SEVERE
10 %
50 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
10 %
01 %
MINOR
25 %
10 %
SEVERE
65 %
90 %
 
Thursday, May. 9, 2024
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, artificial, frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

GET READY FOR A 'CANNIBAL CME': Multiple CMEs are heading for Earth (see the movie below). A new NOAA forecast model suggests that three of them could merge to form a potent "Cannibal CME." Cannibal CMEs form when fast-moving CMEs overtake slower CMEs in front of them. Internal shock waves created by such CME collisions do an good job sparking geomagnetic storms when they strike Earth's magnetic field. Indeed, NOAA is now predicting a severe storm on May 11th when the Cannibal arrives. CME impact alerts: SMS Text

SEVERE GEOMAGNETIC STORM WATCH: This weekend's geomagnetic storm watch has been upgraded from G2 (Moderate) to G4 (Severe). Why? Because giant sunspot AR3664 keeps hurling CMEs toward Earth. Following today's X2.2 solar flare, there are now at least 4 storm clouds heading our way. See how many you can count in this 24-hour movie from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory:

A NOAA forecast model predicts that two or three of these CMEs could merge to form a Cannibal CME, which will strike Earth during the early hours of May 11th. Cannibal CMEs are notoriously good at sparking strong geomagnetic storms and low latitude auroras. In fact, NOAA is now predicting a G4-class (Severe) storm on May 11th when the Cannibal arrives.

Don't miss the storm! Sign up for Space Weather Alerts to receive instant text messages when the CMEs arrive.

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
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A CARRINGTON-CLASS SUNSPOT: Sunspot AR3664 has grown so large, it now rivals the great Carrington sunspot of 1859. To illustrate their similarity, we've added Carrington's famous sketch (to scale) to a NASA photo of today's sun:

Sprawling almost 200,000 km from end to end, AR3664 is 15 times wider than Earth. You can see it through ordinary eclipse glasses with no magnification at all. Moreover, it is easy to project an image of this sunspot onto the sidewalk or a white screen just as Carrington did in the 19th century.

Carrington's sunspot is famous because in August and Sept. 1859 it emitted a series of intense solar flares and CMEs. The resulting geomagnetic storms set fire to telegraph offices and sparked auroras from Cuba to Hawaii. The "Carrington Event" has since become a touchstone of space weather in pop culture, with recent headlines stoking fears of an "internet apocalypse" if it repeats.

Indeed, it could repeat. Studies suggest that Carrington-class storms occur once every 40 to 60 years, so we're overdue. Don't worry, though. The four CMEs currently en route to Earth--even combined--are probably no match for the monster CME of 1859. The Carrington Event won't happen again this weekend. Nevertheless, it would be wise to keep an eye on this growing active region while Earth is in its strike zone. CME impact alerts: SMS Text

more images: from Martin Wise of Trenton, Florida; from Stuart Green of Preston, Lancashire, UK; from Francois Rouviere of Cannes, France; from Philippe Tosi of Ariège, France;

TAHITIAN BLACK SOLAR ECLIPSE PEARL: It came from Tahiti, and now it has touched the shadow of the Moon. On April 8, 2024, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched this black pearl into a total eclipse of the sun over Texas. Riding on a cosmic ray research balloon, the pearl was 86,564 feet high when lunar darkness swallowed it for 3 minutes 45 seconds:

You can have it for $299.95. Measuring 9 mm in diameter, this genuine Tahitian pearl has an 18K rose gold clasp and is suspended from a matching 925 Sterling Silver chain. It comes with a greeting card showing the pearl in flight and telling the story of its journey to the edge of space during the 2024 total eclipse.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free:
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Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
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  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On May 09, 2024, the network reported 7 fireballs.
(5 sporadics, 2 eta Aquarids)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On May 9, 2024 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2024 JM2
2024-May-04
6.9 LD
11.8
63
2024 JE
2024-May-04
13.8 LD
7.8
49
2024 HK1
2024-May-04
1.8 LD
8.6
29
2024 JY
2024-May-05
4.8 LD
28.9
30
2024 HV1
2024-May-05
3.4 LD
8.8
21
2024 HW1
2024-May-05
5 LD
11
19
2024 FR5
2024-May-05
4.9 LD
5.2
49
2024 HL2
2024-May-06
7.6 LD
13.4
26
2024 HM2
2024-May-06
17.4 LD
25
51
2024 HE2
2024-May-06
3.1 LD
12.1
22
2024 JP3
2024-May-06
12.5 LD
6.9
12
2024 JF
2024-May-06
1.2 LD
11.7
7
2024 JR1
2024-May-07
0.8 LD
13
10
2024 JO2
2024-May-07
1.7 LD
14.4
9
2024 JX1
2024-May-08
5 LD
20
21
2024 JD
2024-May-08
0.7 LD
3.3
10
2024 JG1
2024-May-08
10.5 LD
12.3
24
2024 JL3
2024-May-08
1 LD
18.5
19
2024 JM1
2024-May-09
10.9 LD
10.4
26
2024 JZ
2024-May-09
11 LD
25.1
69
2024 JT3
2024-May-09
0.1 LD
10.9
5
2024 JN3
2024-May-09
0.8 LD
13
15
2024 JR3
2024-May-09
2.4 LD
19.1
19
2021 JG9
2024-May-10
16.9 LD
16.1
32
2016 FT14
2024-May-10
19.9 LD
5.9
39
2024 JK1
2024-May-10
6.9 LD
9.7
18
2024 JV6
2024-May-10
1.6 LD
9.4
8
2024 JN
2024-May-12
4.4 LD
3.3
8
2024 JB2
2024-May-13
11.6 LD
17.7
81
2015 KJ19
2024-May-14
15.8 LD
23.1
112
2014 WF6
2024-May-14
7.2 LD
18.9
47
2024 JW6
2024-May-14
5.7 LD
8.6
17
2021 JN10
2024-May-15
14.7 LD
13.4
33
2021 JJ
2024-May-15
16.8 LD
5.7
28
2024 JG6
2024-May-17
11.2 LD
7.4
21
2022 WN2
2024-May-17
13.7 LD
5.5
6
2024 JQ1
2024-May-18
5.7 LD
3
13
2024 JD1
2024-May-20
19 LD
5.5
28
2015 WO1
2024-May-20
7.4 LD
15.6
86
2019 VB5
2024-May-21
7.8 LD
6.3
2
2024 JZ6
2024-May-23
14.7 LD
14
264
2024 HP
2024-May-23
15.5 LD
7.7
204
2024 HP2
2024-May-25
5.8 LD
2.3
20
2024 JY1
2024-May-26
17.3 LD
10.2
60
2008 LD
2024-May-28
7.7 LD
4.5
6
2021 LV
2024-May-29
12 LD
15.5
9
2024 JG
2024-May-29
8.7 LD
7.4
28
2024 JA3
2024-May-30
6.2 LD
8.5
36
2008 XH
2024-May-31
13.8 LD
14.7
102
2024 JP1
2024-Jun-01
17.9 LD
4.7
24
2024 JC1
2024-Jun-01
15.1 LD
4.8
30
1998 KY26
2024-Jun-01
12 LD
5.3
25
2016 JC6
2024-Jun-01
19.9 LD
7.1
188
2008 YN2
2024-Jun-05
10.5 LD
7.7
20
2021 LW3
2024-Jun-06
9.7 LD
9.8
86
2024 CR9
2024-Jun-11
19.2 LD
7.4
447
2022 XC1
2024-Jun-12
16.5 LD
6.5
21
2022 WW11
2024-Jun-17
19.7 LD
14.4
15
2019 NJ
2024-Jun-27
17.2 LD
10.1
66
415029
2024-Jun-27
17.3 LD
25.9
2304
2022 MM1
2024-Jun-28
7.8 LD
10.9
39
2010 XN
2024-Jun-28
14.1 LD
11.3
52
2022 HD1
2024-Jun-29
17.3 LD
7.2
63
2017 MB3
2024-Jun-30
5 LD
6.5
30
2022 BY39
2024-Jul-02
13.2 LD
3
4
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics.
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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