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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 415.0 km/sec
density: 6.23 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1145 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: C5
1756 UT Sep06
24-hr: C6
2349 UT Sep05
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 06 Sep 23
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
Sunspot AR3421 is crackling with M-class solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 121
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 06 Sep 2023

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 06 Sep 2023


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 20.18x1010 W Warm
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 05 Sep 2023

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 143 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 06 Sep 2023

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -3.4% Low
48-hr change: +0.1%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 05 Sep 2023 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 1.00 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 3.00
quiet
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 1.67 nT
Bz: -1.03 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
Coronal Holes: 06 Sep 23

There are no significant equatorial coronal holes on the Earthside of the sun.
Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds
The northern season for NLCs began on May 26th. The first clouds were detected inside the Arctic Circle by the NOAA 21 satellite. An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). For the rest of the season, daily maps from NOAA 21 will be presented here:


Updated: Aug. 29, 2023

Each dot is a detected cloud. As the season progresses, these dots will multiply in number and shift in hue from blue to red as the brightness of the clouds intensifies.

What happened to NASA's AIM spacecraft, which has been monitoring NLCs since 2007? Earlier this year, the spacecraft's battery failed. As a result AIM is offline, perhaps permanently. There may be some hope of a recovery as AIM's orbit precesses into full sunlight in 2024. Until then, we will maintain AIM's iconic "daily daisy," frozen at Feb. 28, 2023, as a show of thanks for years of service and hope for future daisies:
Switch view:Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica, Polar
Updated Sep05
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2023 Sep 06 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
25 %
25 %
CLASS X
05 %
05 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2023 Sep 06 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
30 %
25 %
MINOR
10 %
10 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
20 %
20 %
SEVERE
30 %
20 %
 
Wednesday, Sep. 6, 2023
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by ChatGPT and other Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, artificial, frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

FARSIDE SOLAR ACTIVITY: Two spectacular CMEs billowed away from the farside of the sun on Sept. 5th: movie. The source was farside sunspot AR3413, which has become hyperactive only days after turning away from Earth. The two CMEs appear to be heading in the direction of sundiving Comet Nishimura; see below! Solar flare alerts: SMS Text

THE SUN JUST RIPPED OFF A COMET'S TAIL: Comet Nishimura (C/2023 P1) is getting close to the sun--and it shows. On Sept. 2nd, a solar storm hit the comet at point blank range and ripped off its tail. Astrophotographer Michael Jaeger recorded the event from AZM Martinsberg, Austria:

Researchers call this a "disconnection event." It's caused by a CME (or fast solar wind stream) hitting the comet. One of the earliest recorded examples of this phenomenon occured in April 2007 when NASA’s STEREO-A spacecraft watched a CME strike Comet Encke and rip its tail completely off: movie.

Comet Nishimura is plunging toward the sun for a 0.22 AU close encounter on Sept. 17th. Right now, it is about halfway between the orbits of Mercury and Venus (0.48 AU) where CMEs are denser and stronger than they are when they reach Earth at 1.0 AU.

The CME that hit Comet Nishimura probably came from active sunspot AR3413, which is almost directly facing the comet. This CME, in particular, had the right timing and direction to cause the disconnection event Jaeger observed:

Nishimura's tail has since grown back--but it might not last for long. More CMEs are heading its way. SOHO recorded at least two moving in the right general direction on Sept. 5th. Experienced amateur astronomers who photograph Comet Nishimura in the early morning sky (observing tips, sky map) may be able to record their impact. Got a picture? Submit it here.

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

18K GOLD "ALWAYS AND FOREVER" PENDANT: Are you looking for an unforgettable gift? Consider the Always and Forever Space Pendent. On Aug. 29, 2023, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched it to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon:

You can have it for $199.95. Engraved with the words "I love you always and forever", this 18K gold-plated sterling silver pendant has a heart-shaped ruby crystal in the middle surrounded by a ring of glittering 5A cubic zirconia nuggets. It is a visually striking premium pendant that makes a once-in-a-lifetime anniversary or birthday gift. 

The students are selling space pendants to pay the helium bill for their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the jewelry in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education

THINGS YOU SEE WHILE HOG HUNTING: The night sky is changing. How? Daryn Morran sends this report from West Texas: "On Sept. 3rd, we were out hog hunting using night vision optics. I just happened to look up at the stars thru the night scope, and I saw something bizarre." He held his cell phone to the scope and photographed a UFO-like spectacle:

"I saw a line of 18 dots, pretty evenly spaced in a near perfect line, moving slowly thru the sky," says Morran. "The entire strand of lights then suddenly disappeared in the middle of the sky."

Morran witnessed a train of Starlink satellites en route to their final orbit approximatrely 500 km above Earth. Because they were still in low-Earth orbit at the time Morran saw them, the satellites could easily enter our planet's shadow. Indeed, that's what happened, and they "suddenly disappeared."

Only 5 years ago, sightings like this never happened. Then SpaceX started launching Starlink satellites, the first batch of 60 leaving Earth in May 2019. Now there are more than 4700. SpaceX has single-handedly tripled the number of active satellites orbiting our planet.

In fact, only 15 minutes after Morran caught this train of Starlinks in his hog rifle, SpaceX launched 21 more Starlinks from Cape Canaveral. It was SpaceX's 62nd orbital mission of 2023, setting a new record for most flights in a year.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is deeply concerned about the increasing number of satellites circling Earth. Bright satellite trains disrupt astronomy, interfere with nocturnal wildlife, and threaten the dark-sky heritage of all humanity. Learn more about this issue from the IAU's Center for Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky.

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

 


Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter


  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Sep 06, 2023, the network reported 5 fireballs.
(5 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On September 6, 2023 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2023 RF
2023-Sep-01
10.2 LD
7.2
62
2023 QB2
2023-Sep-01
8.1 LD
7.2
20
2023 QZ1
2023-Sep-01
18.2 LD
18.6
52
2023 QU
2023-Sep-02
13.6 LD
9.8
34
2017 BY32
2023-Sep-02
16.4 LD
3.5
19
2023 RD
2023-Sep-02
1.1 LD
18.3
16
2023 QG
2023-Sep-03
11.6 LD
13.7
75
2023 QH1
2023-Sep-03
13.1 LD
6.4
23
2021 JA5
2023-Sep-06
13.3 LD
10.9
19
2023 QC5
2023-Sep-08
10.6 LD
7.6
27
2020 GE
2023-Sep-08
14.9 LD
1.4
8
2023 QE8
2023-Sep-10
4 LD
14.5
55
2023 QF6
2023-Sep-10
7 LD
10.5
22
2020 RT2
2023-Sep-12
11 LD
10
8
2016 LY48
2023-Sep-16
5 LD
10.8
99
2010 TE
2023-Sep-16
6.8 LD
6
22
523598
2023-Sep-20
19.8 LD
25
239
2019 SF6
2023-Sep-26
16.7 LD
8.6
20
2013 TG6
2023-Sep-28
3.6 LD
4.1
17
2009 UG
2023-Sep-30
6.1 LD
9
78
349507
2023-Oct-03
16.5 LD
21
696
2022 FX1
2023-Oct-04
20 LD
9.9
25
2023 QC8
2023-Oct-05
15.8 LD
6.3
41
2022 TD
2023-Oct-07
8.9 LD
9.4
10
2018 ER1
2023-Oct-08
12.5 LD
5.3
27
2022 UX1
2023-Oct-11
3.1 LD
8.6
9
2015 KW120
2023-Oct-12
18.2 LD
13
22
2021 NT14
2023-Oct-13
18.6 LD
8.6
254
2011 GA
2023-Oct-15
6.8 LD
16.6
230
2007 SQ6
2023-Oct-15
19.4 LD
6.5
130
2019 UZ3
2023-Oct-16
9.6 LD
8.3
14
1998 HH49
2023-Oct-17
3.1 LD
14.8
193
2022 UO10
2023-Oct-19
7.8 LD
9.8
16
2020 UR
2023-Oct-20
5.8 LD
12.9
9
2020 FM6
2023-Oct-23
15.5 LD
15.9
149
2019 HH4
2023-Oct-24
13.3 LD
20
365
2021 SZ4
2023-Oct-26
14 LD
30
287
302169
2023-Oct-26
12.7 LD
25.7
374
525229
2023-Oct-30
10.6 LD
17.4
200
2013 UV3
2023-Nov-01
14.7 LD
15.4
16
2016 WY
2023-Nov-02
9.1 LD
3.9
5
363505
2023-Nov-02
13.7 LD
8
709
2022 JF
2023-Nov-03
15.2 LD
17.2
39
2023 QP8
2023-Nov-03
17.1 LD
8.8
170
2016 VW2
2023-Nov-03
10.1 LD
8.1
20
2019 UH7
2023-Nov-04
9.9 LD
5.9
11
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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