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Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp=
2.00 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 2.33 quiet
explanation | more
data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 4.94 nT
Bz: -3.15 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0402 UT
Coronal Holes: 28 Jun 25
Solar wind flowing from the indicated coronal hole could reach Earth on July 3-3.. Credit: NASA/SDO | more data
Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:
On Jun 28, 2025, the Arctic stratosphere is much too hot for polar stratospheric clouds. | more data.
Noctilucent Clouds
The northern season for noctilucent clouds is underway. First reports of the electric-blue clouds came from Russia on May 28, 2025. Since then, the clouds have spread to lower latitudes, reaching Paris, France, during a major outbreak on June 23, 2025.
Above: June 28, 2025, in England
"I saw these noctilucent clouds along the northern horizon about 30 minutes past midnight," says photographer Kevan Hubbard of Seaton Carew, Co Durham, England. See the complete NLC Photo Gallery
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts |
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Updated at: 2025 Jun 28 2200 UTC
FLARE |
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
CLASS M |
25
% |
25
% |
CLASS X |
05
% |
05
% |
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant
disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor
storm, severe
storm
Updated at: 2025 Jun 28 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
20
% |
10
% |
MINOR |
05
% |
01
% |
SEVERE |
01
% |
01
% |
High latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
15
% |
20
% |
MINOR |
25
% |
20
% |
SEVERE |
25
% |
10
% |
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This is an AI Free Zone: AI isn't all bad. Large language models are good writers with access to vast stores of data. There's still no substitute for a human being with decades of space weather forecasting experience. This website is 100% human.
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NO SOLAR FLARES EXPECTED TODAY: The sun is peppered with sunspots, but they are all stable and quiet. No significant solar flares are expected during the next 24 hours. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text
ANOTHER NAKED-EYE NOVA: A star exploded June 25th in the southern constellation Vela, and it is already visible to the unaided eye (magnitude +4.8). Eliot Herman photographed V572 Velorum using a robotic telescope in the Rio Hurtado Valley of Chile:
"After a long drought, this is the second bright nova discovered this month," says Herman.
This appears to be a "classical nova." First documented by Chinese astronomers some 2000 years ago, these explosions occur in binary star systems. White dwarf stars steal gas from a bloated partner until the stolen fuel ignites in a sudden thermonuclear blast.
Novas that you can see with your unaided eye magnitude are uncommon. Typically, they appear no more than about once a year. However, in June 2025 there have been two such novas in quick succession : First V462 Lupi and now V572 Velorum. Southern sky watchers, submit your photos here.
BIG PROM ALERT: There's something to see on the sun today. Astronomers are monitoring a pair of giant prominences on the sun's western limb. Harald Paleske sends this picture from Weißenfels, Sachsen Anhalt, Germany:
"Note the delicate clouds in the foreground of the image, which make the spicules behind them appear to be slightly out of focus," says Paleske. "It's a bit like on Earth, in a cloud everything looks very hazy and slightly out of focus."
Prominences are clouds of hydrogen held above the surface of the sun by magnetic forces. These are more than 100,000 km tall, dimensions that make them an easy target for backyard telescopes with solar filters. The structures are instable, so observers this weekend could catch a lucky eruption. Take a look!
more images: from Francois Rouviere of Cannes, France; from Richard Schrantz of Nicholasville, Kentucky; from Michael Borman of Evansville, Indiana; from James Roger Samworth of Nailstone, Leicestershire UK; from Frank J Melillo of Holtsville, NY
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
GOLDEN SAPPHIRE PENDANT: Are you looking for an unforgettable gift? Consider the Golden Sapphire Space Pendent. On Feb. 20, 2025, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched it to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon:
You can have it for $199.95. Engraved with the words "I love you always and forever", this 18K gold-plated sterling silver pendant features a heart-shaped sapphire crystal surrounded by a ring of glittering 5A cubic zirconia nuggets. It is a visually striking premium pendant that makes a once-in-a-lifetime anniversary or birthday gift.
The students are selling space pendants to pay the helium bill for their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the jewelry in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
Realtime Noctilucent Cloud Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
Every night, a network
of NASA
all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United
States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software
maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office
calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth
in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics.
Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Jun 27, 2025, the network reported 6 fireballs.
(5 sporadics, 1 Microscorpiid)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue).
[Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids ( PHAs)
are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that
can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the
known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet,
although astronomers are finding new
ones all the time.
On June 29, 2025 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
 |
Recent
& Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
| Asteroid |
Date(UT) |
Miss Distance |
Velocity (km/s) |
Diameter (m) |
| 2025 MP89 |
2025-Jun-23 |
2.6 LD |
15.4 |
25 |
| 2025 MP |
2025-Jun-23 |
8 LD |
14.6 |
37 |
| 2025 LT |
2025-Jun-23 |
3.4 LD |
14.5 |
44 |
| 2025 MQ1 |
2025-Jun-23 |
1.5 LD |
13.3 |
11 |
| 2025 ML2 |
2025-Jun-23 |
4.2 LD |
7.1 |
29 |
| 2025 MB1 |
2025-Jun-24 |
11.2 LD |
12 |
43 |
| 2025 MS1 |
2025-Jun-24 |
0.8 LD |
6.3 |
4 |
| 2025 ML89 |
2025-Jun-25 |
3 LD |
8.6 |
22 |
| 2025 MP1 |
2025-Jun-25 |
2.7 LD |
5.4 |
17 |
| 2025 MK2 |
2025-Jun-26 |
7.1 LD |
4.7 |
13 |
| 2025 MR89 |
2025-Jun-26 |
5.5 LD |
8.5 |
20 |
| 2025 MT1 |
2025-Jun-27 |
15.5 LD |
2.4 |
19 |
| 2014 DH |
2025-Jun-28 |
17.1 LD |
12.1 |
17 |
| 2025 MZ1 |
2025-Jun-28 |
3.4 LD |
4.6 |
16 |
| 2025 MS88 |
2025-Jun-28 |
4.4 LD |
10.1 |
22 |
| 2025 ML |
2025-Jun-28 |
6.7 LD |
11.7 |
24 |
| 2025 MV88 |
2025-Jun-29 |
9.2 LD |
21.7 |
33 |
| 2025 MW89 |
2025-Jun-30 |
5.5 LD |
4 |
13 |
| 2025 MM |
2025-Jul-01 |
5.4 LD |
10.7 |
41 |
| 2025 MY88 |
2025-Jul-04 |
8.8 LD |
8.6 |
36 |
| 2025 MV89 |
2025-Jul-04 |
5.1 LD |
8.7 |
39 |
| 2025 MN88 |
2025-Jul-06 |
1.9 LD |
7.8 |
21 |
| 2025 MO |
2025-Jul-07 |
6.7 LD |
4.6 |
10 |
| 2019 JM |
2025-Jul-09 |
16.6 LD |
6.9 |
14 |
| 2019 NW5 |
2025-Jul-09 |
15.2 LD |
16.5 |
65 |
| 2025 MD89 |
2025-Jul-11 |
14.6 LD |
8 |
39 |
| 2005 VO5 |
2025-Jul-11 |
15.9 LD |
14.4 |
382 |
| 2025 MD1 |
2025-Jul-11 |
18 LD |
8.9 |
45 |
| 2025 MG1 |
2025-Jul-12 |
13.2 LD |
7.2 |
42 |
| 2022 YS5 |
2025-Jul-17 |
17.4 LD |
6.1 |
38 |
| 2018 BY6 |
2025-Jul-19 |
13.7 LD |
7.4 |
69 |
| 2019 CO1 |
2025-Aug-08 |
17.8 LD |
10.5 |
65 |
| 2022 QB1 |
2025-Aug-10 |
8.9 LD |
3.9 |
6 |
| 2021 PJ1 |
2025-Aug-15 |
4.4 LD |
9.3 |
24 |
| 2025 CO3 |
2025-Aug-16 |
19.8 LD |
8.4 |
90 |
| 1997 QK1 |
2025-Aug-20 |
7.9 LD |
9.8 |
322 |
| 2022 QD3 |
2025-Aug-21 |
15 LD |
6.9 |
35 |
| 2023 PX |
2025-Aug-22 |
2.4 LD |
8.3 |
23 |
| 2019 QQ6 |
2025-Aug-24 |
9.4 LD |
17.2 |
31 |
Notes: LD means
"Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance
between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256
AU.
| |
Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 10 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2024): Atmospheric radiation is sharply decreasing in 2024. Our latest measurements in November registered a 10-year low:
What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
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The
official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| |
The
first place to look for information about sundogs,
pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| |
Researchers
call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO
is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| |
3D
views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial
Relations Observatory |
| |
Realtime
and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| |
information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| |
current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics. |
| |
Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries |
| |
from
the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| |
from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
the
underlying science of space weather |
 |
Got a chipped or cracked windshield that prevents you from seeing space weather events while driving? Get windshield replacement from SR Windows & Glass with free mobile auto glass service anywhere in the Phoenix area. |
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