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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 344.8 km/sec
density: 8.57 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: B1
1947 UT Jul29
24-hr: C4
0433 UT Jul29
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 29 Jul 22
Expand: labels | no labels
New sunspot AR3068 has tripled in size since yesterday. It merits watching as a possible source of future activity. Credit: SDO/AIA

Sunspot number: 50
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 29 Jul 2022

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 29 Jul 2022


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 12.97
x1010 W Neutral
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 29 Jul 2022

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 93 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 29 Jul 2022

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is beginning, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: +0.5% Elevated
48-hr change: +0.5%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 29 Jul 2022 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 1 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 1
quiet
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 4.94 nT
Bz: -1.56 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
Coronal Holes: 29 Jul 22

Solar wind flowing from this southern coronal hole could reach Earth on Aug 2-4.
Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds
Noctilucent cloud season is underway. The clouds are currently spreading as far south as +45N (Oregon).
Switch view: Europe, USA, Asia, Polar
Updated Jul29
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2022 Jul 29 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
05 %
05 %
CLASS X
01 %
01 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2022 Jul 29 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
25 %
35 %
MINOR
05 %
15 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
30 %
30 %
SEVERE
30 %
50 %
 
Friday, Jul. 29, 2022
What's up in space
       
 

Never miss another geomagnetic storm. Sign up for Space Weather Alerts and you'll receive a text message when magnetic storms erupt. Aurora your guides and professional astronomers use this service. You can, too!

 

A SUNSPOT OF INTEREST: New sunspot AR3068 near the sun's southeastern limb is still small, but it is growing rapidly, tripling in size since yesterday. It merits watching as a possible source of near-future activity. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text.

SPACE TRAFFIC BOOSTS NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS: Never before have so many rockets been launched. In 2021, the space agencies of Earth broke the all-time record for global rocket launches with 133, and in 2022 it looks like the record will be broken again with more than 150. China and SpaceX are big contributors to this increase.

High above Earth, something else is increasing: Noctilucent Clouds (NLCs). It's no coincidence. A new paper just published in the AGU journal for Earth and Space Science confirms that "space traffic has a strong influence on the interannual variability of these bright mesospheric clouds."


Above: Noctilucent clouds over Anchorage AK on July 26, 2022. Credit: Todd Salat.

Noctilucent clouds are a natural phenomenon. During summer months, wisps of water vapor rise up to the mesosphere, 83 km high, and crystalize around specks of disintegrated meteoroids. Sky watchers at northern latitudes can easily see the clouds, which are filled with fine ripples and shine at night with an electric blue color.

Rocket launches are boosting NLCs. A team of researchers led by Michael Stevens of the Naval Research Lab in Washington, DC, looked at data from NASA's AIM spacecraft, which was launched in 2007 to study noctilucent clouds. They found a strong correlation between the number of rockets launched each July and the abundance of clouds in the mesosphere. 


Above: July rocket launches (black) vs. the abundance of noctilucent clouds (red)

The link is simple: Rockets produce plumes of water vapor. Winds carry these plumes toward the polar mesosphere where they become raw material for NLCs. Rockets launched in the "morning" between 11 pm and 10 am local time are most effective. During those times, diurnal wind patterns push the plumes toward the noctilucent zone.

Researchers have long known that rockets can produce NLCs. Seminal studies led by Stevens in the early 2000s linked specific space shuttle launches to outbursts of the clouds over both of Earth's poles (refs: #1, #2). The shuttle program ended in 2011, but the "rocket effect" has continued and probably increased (researchers are still investigating the trends at mid-latitudes during the satellite era).

This is good news for sky watchers who love seeing "frosted meteor smoke" light up the night. Rockets make NLCs both brighter and more widespread. Researchers, on the other hand, may have mixed feelings. NLCs can be a sensitive indicator of changes to Earth's climate system--e.g., revealing long-range teleconnections and the abundance of  greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere. Rocket launches could swamp these delicate signals.

Either way, the launch schedule continues. Be alert for noctilucent clouds!

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

MIDNIGHT BLACK SPACE PEARL: Space is black--and so is this pearl. On July 22nd, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched the Midnight Pearl to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon:


You can have it for $179.95--earrings included! Matching pearl earrings flew inside the payload among the cosmic ray sensors.

The students are selling space pearls to support their cosmic ray ballooning program. Wrapped in a sterling silver infinity twist, each Midnight Pearl comes with a greeting card showing the pendant in flight and telling the story of its trip to the edge of space.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


Realtime Noctilucent Cloud Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter


Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On July 28, 2022, the network reported 32 fireballs.
(25 sporadics, 2 alpha Capricornids, 2 Perseids, 3 southern Delta Aquarids)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On July 29, 2022 there were 2291 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2022 OF2
2022-Jul-24
14.6 LD
8.2
29
2017 RX2
2022-Jul-24
17.2 LD
14.2
17
2022 NV1
2022-Jul-24
13 LD
8.1
52
2022 ON
2022-Jul-25
5.1 LD
11.6
13
2022 OA
2022-Jul-25
5 LD
10.5
42
2022 OY
2022-Jul-26
15.3 LD
13.1
30
2022 OO1
2022-Jul-26
12.7 LD
8.7
15
2022 ML3
2022-Jul-26
7.6 LD
1.5
12
2022 OB2
2022-Jul-28
10.1 LD
8.4
12
2022 NU1
2022-Jul-29
12.3 LD
8.3
45
2022 OG1
2022-Jul-29
4.6 LD
5
12
2016 CZ31
2022-Jul-29
7.3 LD
15.5
129
531944
2022-Jul-30
18.2 LD
5.9
192
2022 OU2
2022-Aug-01
3.6 LD
8.5
38
2020 PP1
2022-Aug-01
13.1 LD
3.7
17
2020 PN1
2022-Aug-03
9.7 LD
4.6
29
2022 OE2
2022-Aug-04
13.6 LD
32.2
228
2022 OH2
2022-Aug-07
4.4 LD
4
12
2015 FF
2022-Aug-12
11.2 LD
9.2
17
2022 OT1
2022-Aug-13
12.4 LD
5.8
35
2019 AV13
2022-Aug-22
19.1 LD
8.8
135
2020 QW3
2022-Aug-22
14.1 LD
18.1
30
2015 QH3
2022-Aug-22
5.6 LD
7
14
2017 BU
2022-Aug-29
15.8 LD
7
32
2021 CQ5
2022-Sep-01
8.7 LD
13.5
7
2020 PT4
2022-Sep-15
19.7 LD
10.8
39
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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