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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 381.0 km/sec
density: 12.1 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 2344 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: A4
2333 UT Oct18
24-hr: B1
0333 UT Oct18
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 18 Oct 21
Expand: labels | no labels
Provisionally numbered AR2886, a new sunspot is emerging at the circled location. It appeared to have a simple magnetic field that poses little threat for solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 11
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 18 Oct 2021

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2021 total: 60 days (21%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 18 Oct 2021


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 6.41
x1010 W Cold
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 18 Oct 2021

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 77 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 18 Oct 2021

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is beginning, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: +8.4% Very High
48-hr change: -1.6%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 18 Oct 2021 @ 1700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 2 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 4
unsettled
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 6.8 nT
Bz: 4.6 nT north
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 2345 UT
Coronal Holes: 18 Oct 21

Solar wind flowing from this southern coronal hole could reach Earth on Oct. 19th or (more likely) the 20th.
Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds The northern hemisphere season for noctilucent clouds appears to be over. NASA's AIM spacecraft detected no evidence of NLCs around the north pole on Aug. 29th.
Switch view: Europe, USA, Asia, Polar
Updated at:
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2021 Oct 18 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
01 %
01 %
CLASS X
01 %
01 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2021 Oct 18 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
30 %
25 %
MINOR
05 %
05 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
30 %
30 %
SEVERE
35 %
30 %
 
Monday, Oct. 18, 2021
What's up in space
       
 

Lights Over Lapland has a full catalogue of exciting adventures in Abisko National Park, Sweden! Check out our daytime and evening activities and book your adventure!

 

SOLAR WIND, INCOMING: A large southern hole in the sun's atmosphere is spewing solar wind toward Earth. ETA: Oct. 19-20. Solar wind speeds could top 500 km/s, sparking auroras around the Arctic Circle. Aurora alerts: SMS Text.

CHASING THE ELUSIVE 'SAR': Pro tip for aurora photographers: Double-check your images. You might have caught an elusive SAR. Jun Wang photographed this specimen over Lake Louise, Alberta, during last week's G2-class geomagnetic storm:

"At the time, I didn't notice the red arc," says Wang. "I found it later, at home, while I was processing the photos."

SARs are related to auroras, but they are not the same. Regular auroras appear when charged particles rain down from space, hitting the atmosphere (100-200 km high) and causing it to glow like the picture tube of an old color TV. SARs form differently. They are a sign of heat energy leaking into the upper atmosphere (~400 km high) from Earth's ring current system.

The vivid red arcs were discovered in 1956 at the beginning of the Space Age and have been recorded by cameras on satellites hundreds of times since. Most aurora watchers have never seen one, though, because SARs are usually faint.

Wang's experience is typical. He couldn't see the SAR, but it was there, easy to capture in a long exposure. During stronger storms, G3 and above, SARs can become naked-eye objects. Widespread sightings may be just a matter of time as young Solar Cycle 25 intensifies. Meanwhile, double-check your photos.

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

STERLING SILVER OPAL PENDANT: It's our most beautiful space pendant ever: The Sterling Silver Opal. The students of Earth to Sky Calculus just launched one to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon. Here it is floating 103,018 ft above Earth's surface on Sept. 5th:

You can have it for $179.95. Wrapped in a sterling silver Celtic love knot, the opal is suspended from a matching 18-inch chain.  Each pendant comes with a greeting card showing the opal in flight, telling the story of its trip to the edge of space and back again.

Opals are cousins of moonstones; in fact they look the same in low light. But when bright sunlight strikes an opal, something special happens. A spray of color emerges from the stone. This happened while the stone was in the stratosphere (see above) and it remains capable of this beautiful trick back on Earth.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Oct 18, 2021, the network reported 14 fireballs.
(7 sporadics, 5 Orionids, 1 epsilon Geminid, 1 Leonis Minorid)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On October 18, 2021 there were 2225 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2021 TN14
2021-Oct-13
1.6 LD
10.7
7
2021 TX10
2021-Oct-13
2.5 LD
8.6
9
2021 UC
2021-Oct-13
14.3 LD
16.7
24
2021 TP8
2021-Oct-14
4.4 LD
12.3
10
2021 TM14
2021-Oct-14
0.4 LD
8.5
9
2021 TL14
2021-Oct-14
1.3 LD
6
15
2021 TS3
2021-Oct-14
10.9 LD
4.2
13
2021 TC1
2021-Oct-14
14.6 LD
6.6
31
2021 SM1
2021-Oct-14
6.9 LD
7.2
27
2021 TT4
2021-Oct-14
5.1 LD
3.1
9
2021 UE
2021-Oct-14
14.8 LD
10.7
31
2021 TN6
2021-Oct-14
10 LD
19.8
35
2021 TC21
2021-Oct-15
5.5 LD
7.3
19
2021 SM3
2021-Oct-15
13 LD
15.8
96
2021 TV10
2021-Oct-15
1.9 LD
11.6
10
2021 TD13
2021-Oct-15
7 LD
10
13
2017 TH1
2021-Oct-15
15 LD
8.8
31
2021 TK10
2021-Oct-15
5.9 LD
9.8
12
2021 TY14
2021-Oct-15
2 LD
8.8
13
2021 TJ15
2021-Oct-16
1 LD
12.3
8
2021 TF13
2021-Oct-16
7.5 LD
18
19
2021 TJ12
2021-Oct-17
5.5 LD
9.6
22
2021 TH13
2021-Oct-17
1.7 LD
8.6
8
2021 TG14
2021-Oct-18
0.7 LD
11.4
8
2021 TO14
2021-Oct-18
6.4 LD
15.8
36
2021 TQ15
2021-Oct-18
8.2 LD
7.8
11
2020 TH6
2021-Oct-19
7.3 LD
5.9
6
2021 TX2
2021-Oct-19
9 LD
10.7
33
2021 TX14
2021-Oct-19
1.3 LD
10.6
17
2021 TL20
2021-Oct-19
12.4 LD
22.5
67
1996 VB3
2021-Oct-20
8.8 LD
15.3
135
2021 TV3
2021-Oct-21
13.2 LD
12.6
47
2021 TE4
2021-Oct-21
8.3 LD
6
15
2021 SG2
2021-Oct-21
15.9 LD
5.9
25
2021 RE10
2021-Oct-21
15.5 LD
5.1
56
2021 TE1
2021-Oct-23
9.5 LD
12.4
47
2017 SJ20
2021-Oct-25
18.7 LD
15.7
120
2021 TO15
2021-Oct-25
7.3 LD
12.6
33
2019 UW6
2021-Oct-26
8 LD
11.1
17
2009 WY7
2021-Nov-02
19.2 LD
14.7
54
2021 TJ14
2021-Nov-02
19 LD
9.6
40
2017 TS3
2021-Nov-02
13.9 LD
9.9
131
2005 VL1
2021-Nov-04
17 LD
5.2
18
2020 KA
2021-Nov-06
14.9 LD
4.8
11
2021 SP3
2021-Nov-08
15.6 LD
9.3
70
2019 XS
2021-Nov-09
1.5 LD
10.7
65
2017 WG14
2021-Nov-10
18.6 LD
11.6
45
2007 VD138
2021-Nov-12
16 LD
7.7
44
2004 UE
2021-Nov-13
11.1 LD
13.2
224
2016 VR
2021-Nov-15
8 LD
8.7
20
2010 VK139
2021-Nov-15
6.4 LD
13.9
65
2019 VL5
2021-Nov-15
8.6 LD
8
23
2021 TR15
2021-Nov-19
11.8 LD
7
39
2016 JG12
2021-Nov-20
14.4 LD
7.5
112
2021 KH2
2021-Nov-21
19.3 LD
6.5
31
3361
2021-Nov-21
15.1 LD
8.1
511
2014 WF201
2021-Nov-24
13.2 LD
5.5
27
2009 WB105
2021-Nov-25
15.1 LD
18.9
71
2019 BB5
2021-Nov-25
18.8 LD
8.3
16
1994 WR12
2021-Nov-29
16.1 LD
8.8
123
4660
2021-Dec-11
10.3 LD
6.6
774
2019 XQ1
2021-Dec-13
14.1 LD
9.1
30
2004 YC
2021-Dec-15
18.4 LD
8.1
27
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 6 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results: Our most recent flight on June 25, 2021, confirms a trend of decreasing cosmic radiation:

Cosmic ray dose rates peaked in late 2019, and have been slowly declining ever since. This makes perfect sense. Solar Minimum was in late 2019. During Solar Minimum the sun's magnetic field weakens, allowing more cosmic rays into the solar system. We expect dose rate to be highest at that time.

Now that Solar Minimum has passed, the sun is waking up again. Solar magnetic fields are strengthening, providing a stiffer barrier to cosmic rays trying to enter the solar system. The decline of cosmic radiation above California is a sign that new Solar Cycle 25 is gaining strength.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) llink cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes:

In this plot, dose rates are expessed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.

Technical notes:

The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

To get the best views of the cosmos, check out the Phoenix Window Glass Replacement experts for all your window and glass needs

To get an up close view of the heavenly bodies surrounding Earth, think about selling your junk car for cash and buying a high quality telescope.
Spaceweather.com welcomes these supporters of science communication: RV Sales and Arizona SEO and Arizona Business Directory and C8 Corvette | Phoenix Personal Injury Lawyer | Phoenix SEO
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NASA Near Earth Asteroid Home Page

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